Grammar Tips Adjectives and Adverbs

Grammar Tips Adjectives and Adverbs Grammar Tips: Adjectives and Adverbs When we want to add extra descriptive detail to a sentence, we use adjectives and adverbs. These are words that modify other words or clauses in a statement. But there’s an important distinction between adjectives and adverbs, which is crucial to understand if you want to make sure your writing is grammatically correct. In the following, we explain how each of these word types should be used. Adjectives (Modifying Nouns) Adjectives are mostly used to modify nouns and pronouns, usually to tell us something about the properties or character of an object, concept or person. This can be useful for identifying a specific individual. For instance, the adjective â€Å"sad† can be combined with the noun â€Å"clown† to make the noun phrase â€Å"sad clown.† This would make the clown in question distinct from a â€Å"happy clown.† Life is hard when your emotions depend on your makeup. Different adjectives are used to describe different qualities, including: Size and shape (e.g., â€Å"shark’s teeth are small and triangular†) Color (e.g., â€Å"the red sky†) Texture (e.g., â€Å"a fuzzy kitten†) Taste (e.g., â€Å"a minty flavor†) Sound (e.g., â€Å"a deafening explosion†) Age and time (e.g., â€Å"the old man gave a lengthy speech†) Emotions and character (e.g., â€Å"she was pleased with the result†) Quantity (e.g., â€Å"many people†) The key thing is that adjectives name an attribute of a noun. Adverbs (Modifying Action) A verb is an action word. To show how an action was performed, we use adverbs. For example, to describe the speed that something happened, we could use an adverb like â€Å"quickly† or â€Å"slowly†: Put the gun down slowly and raise your hands! Should I raise them quickly or slowly? Some adverbs can also be used to modify an adjective and add extra detail. In the following sentence, for instance, the adverb â€Å"truly† is used to emphasize to the adjective â€Å"terrible†: I feel truly terrible about the incident with the gun. In addition, adverbs can modify other adverbs. The adverb â€Å"more,† for example, can be used to show the degree to which another adverb (e.g., â€Å"sincerely†) applies: You need to apologize more sincerely than that! It’s often easy to spot an adverb because many end in â€Å"-ly.† But this isn’t always the case, such as with â€Å"more† or â€Å"very,† and not every word that ends â€Å"-ly† is an adverb, so you should be careful when using this guideline. Forming Adverbs from Adjectives Many adverbs are formed by adding â€Å"-ly† to the end of an existing adjective (or replacing the â€Å"-y† with â€Å"-ily† if the adjective already ends in a â€Å"y†). However, if you’re not sure whether you’ve formed or used an adverb correctly, having your work proofread can help.

Chronological List of African Independence

Chronological List of African Independence Most nations in Africa were colonized by European states in the early modern era, including a burst of colonization in the Scramble for Africa from 1880 to 1900. But this condition was reversed over the course of the next century by independence movements. Here are the dates of independence for African nations. Country Independence Date Prior ruling country Liberia, Republic of July 26, 1847 - South Africa, Republic of May 31, 1910 Britain Egypt, Arab Republic of Feb. 28, 1922 Britain Ethiopia, People's Democratic Republic of May 5, 1941 Italy Libya (Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Dec. 24, 1951 Britain Sudan, Democratic Republic of Jan. 1, 1956 Britain/Egypt Morocco, Kingdom of March 2, 1956 France Tunisia, Republic of March 20, 1956 France Morocco (Spanish Northern Zone, Marruecos) April 7, 1956 Spain Morocco (International Zone, Tangiers) Oct. 29, 1956 - Ghana, Republic of March 6, 1957 Britain Morocco (Spanish Southern Zone, Marruecos) April 27, 1958 Spain Guinea, Republic of Oct. 2, 1958 France Cameroon, Republic of Jan. 1 1960 France Senegal, Republic of April 4, 1960 France Togo, Republic of April 27, 1960 France Mali, Republic of Sept. 22, 1960 France Madagascar, Democratic Republic of June 26, 1960 France Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the June 30, 1960 Belgium Somalia, Democratic Republic of July 1, 1960 Britain Benin, Republic of Aug. 1, 1960 France Niger, Republic of Aug. 3, 1960 France Burkina Faso, Popular Democratic Republic of Aug. 5, 1960 France Cà ´te d'Ivoire, Republic of (Ivory Coast) Aug. 7, 1960 France Chad, Republic of Aug. 11, 1960 France Central African Republic Aug. 13, 1960 France Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of the Aug. 15, 1960 France Gabon, Republic of Aug. 16, 1960 France Nigeria, Federal Republic of Oct. 1, 1960 Britain Mauritania, Islamic Republic of Nov. 28, 1960 France Sierra Leone, Republic of Apr. 27, 1961 Britain Nigeria (British Cameroon North) June 1, 1961 Britain Cameroon(British Cameroon South) Oct. 1, 1961 Britain Tanzania, United Republic of Dec. 9, 1961 Britain Burundi, Republic of July 1, 1962 Belgium Rwanda, Republic of July 1, 1962 Belgium Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of July 3, 1962 France Uganda, Republic of Oct. 9, 1962 Britain Kenya, Republic of Dec. 12, 1963 Britain Malawi, Republic of July 6, 1964 Britain Zambia, Republic of Oct. 24, 1964 Britain Gambia, Republic of The Feb. 18, 1965 Britain Botswana, Republic of Sept. 30, 1966 Britain Lesotho, Kingdom of Oct. 4, 1966 Britain Mauritius, State of March 12, 1968 Britain Swaziland, Kingdom of Sept. 6, 1968 Britain Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Oct. 12, 1968 Spain Morocco (Ifni) June 30, 1969 Spain Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Sept. 24, 1973(alt. Sept. 10, 1974) Portugal Mozambique, Republic of June 25. 1975 Portugal Cape Verde, Republic of July 5, 1975 Portugal Comoros, Federal Islamic Republic of the July 6, 1975 France So Tomà © and Principe, Democratic Republic of July 12, 1975 Portugal Angola, People's Republic of Nov. 11, 1975 Portugal Western Sahara Feb. 28, 1976 Spain Seychelles, Republic of June 29, 1976 Britain Djibouti, Republic of June 27, 1977 France Zimbabwe, Republic of April 18, 1980 Britain Namibia, Republic of March 21, 1990 South Africa Eritrea, State of May 24, 1993 Ethiopia Notes: Ethiopia  is usually considered to have never been colonized, but following the invasion by Italy in 1935-36 Italian settlers arrived. Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed and went into exile in the UK. He regained his throne on 5 May 1941 when he re-entered Addis Ababa with his troops. Italian resistance was not completely overcome until 27th November 1941.Guinea-Bissau  made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence on Sept. 24, 1973, now considered as Independence Day. However, independence was only recognized by Portugal on 10 September 1974 as a result of the Algiers Accord of Aug. 26, 1974.Western Sahara  was immediately seized by Morocco, a move contested by Polisario (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio del Oro).

Postpartum Depression Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postpartum Depression - Coursework Example Women are likely to get affected by the disorder during their prime age of reproduction, ranging between 25 to 40 years of age. The case of Mandeep Singh is a classic case of Postpartum Depression, identifiable by the feelings that she has, of harming her newly born child and the observable characteristics of being agitated and withdrawn, as well as the consideration, that she is within the prime age of productivity, being 28 years old (Arentsen, 1968). Several factors can contribute to Postpartum Depression to Mandeep. Hormonal changes are among the factors that contribute to this disorder (Duffy, 1983). There occurs a great hormonal change in the body of a woman immediately after giving birth. The hormonal changes are characterized mostly by a greater reduction of serotonin levels in their bodies after they give birth (Harris, 1986). Consequently, the woman may be engulfed by the feelings of agitation, restlessness and hatred for her newly born baby. Status transition is another ca use of this disorder. Since the birth of a child is a transition of a woman, from a girl to a mother, then it is associated with stress, on how the woman is going to fit in the new status and roles. If by any chance any other circumstances that can cause stress occurs at the time as this transition, then the woman develops overwhelming stress which ends up as depression, as was the case of Mandeep due to a low economic status (Kumar, 1994). Another factor that contributed to the disorder is the ongoing life stress. Whenever a woman is faced by a long time of stress in her life, then, it accelerates when she gives birth, subscribing to Postpartum Depression. Dysfunctional love relationship is yet another factor that could have contributed to Postpartum Depression for Mandeep, as the long duration she would spend without her husband contributed to stress (Boyce, 2003). 2. The three nursing priority assessments in the case of Mandeep, which would help to devise the actual disorder from which she was suffering, include age. Since this disorder is mostly common for women who are in their prime age of productivity, then assessing the age of Mandeep would serve to indicate if she falls within that age bracket (Mauthner, 1999). Another assessment would be the socio-economic status of Mandeep. This assessment is necessary since the lower economic status of many women is contributory to stress, as they ponder the challenges of bringing up the newly born child, with such economic hurdles. Through the assessment of the economic status of the woman, then, the nurses can trace the actual causative factors to the disorder from which Mandeep is suffering. A significant assessment undertaken by the nurses is the nature of the relationship between Mandeep and her husband. The relationship between a woman who has recently given birth and her partner significantly affects the state of mind of a woman who has recently given birth (Sluckin, 1990). If there is tension and bad blood between the woman and her partner, then, there are greater chances that such a woman will suffer from the disorder. Thus, carrying out the assessment of such factors underlying the life of Mandeep would help the nurses determine the causative factors of the behavior she is exhibiting. 3. Whenever it is evident that the woman having recently given birth harbors the feelings of harming herself or the newly born baby, then treatment interventions becomes necessary. Some nursing interventions are necessary for the treatment of the disorder that Mandeep is suffering. The priority intervention will be given to the administration of

Law enforcement management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law enforcement management - Essay Example But in reality it is the law enforcement officer who concentrates on those areas that pose the most immediate danger or threat is the most effective. Since ages ago man has always been governed by regulations within the community in order to believe that he fits in or and also cater to socially desirable patterns of conduct. Even earlier than that crime has been thought of as a local problem and to counter that enforcement has to be community oriented too. Enforcement of the law hence should be strengthened more and more where crime is spawned, i.e. in local communities. Faced with such considerations, much of the burden of crime prevention and crime control must be borne at the community level. But to achieve this objective we need farsighted police administrators and enlightened citizenry to work for the common good. But the surprising fact of life is that, " The police do not prevent crime" Experts know it, the police know it but the common public doesn't. But if the fear of the police in the common man's mind often lets him pause and think at least for a second before he can commit the crime then that is what we credit to the police. The major jobs of the police officer would include patrolling, criminal investigation, and regulating traffic. Administration is an additional function that involves recruitment, training, public relations and all the housekeeping functions of purchasing, paying and supervising and so forth. Traditional police management included an elaborate hierarchy of command. Police are a uniformed service where the authority is solely based on rank. Compliance is insisted upon and detailed rules cover anything and everything a police officer might do and high level of micromanagement occurs. Decisions were generally made at " the top chain of command" by a select few and passed down. The generally accepted theory was "Higher ranks give commands and lower ranks obey". This causes some frustrations. The police personnel at the lower end of the pyramid are often confused because they are forced into real life situations where they are not able to follow the rules to the book and often turn a blind eye to it because they want to avoid confrontations. This officer also feels unprotected and exposed and this also adds to their inefficiencies. It also puts his immediate commanding officer in quandary about exercising his control or watching from the sidelines. This

The Decadence of Han China and the Roman Empire Essay Example for Free

The Decadence of Han China and the Roman Empire Essay In the both of the declines of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China, there were similarities in many aspects, such as their economics failing, a sudden decrease in both populations, and collapse of both their political systems. Although, even in these few of the many similarities, there were differences in the economic failure, the decay of their cultures, and the political collapse of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China. In both the Han Dynasty in China and the Roman Empire, economic failure was one of the factors of both their declinations. Both were subjected to harsh invasions by surrounding nomadic barbarians and were forced into spending large amounts of money on border defense and an offensive team, such as Han China’s Great Wall of China and the Roman Empire’s several garrisons. Both Han China and the Roman Empire had a substantial and harshly effectual sudden drop in population, as well. Han China and the Roman Empire both fell to similar plagues and epidemics which caused many people to die and flee their residences to get away from the inevitable sickness. Both of the governments of Han China and the Roman Empire suddenly stopped flourishing and working correctly suddenly due to unstable leadership and the surrounding nomadic barbarian invasions becoming too much to handle for both Han China and the Roman Empire. The Han Dynasty in China and the Roman Empire both split into separate parts within themselves, the Roman Empire splitting into two separate eastern and western parts, and Han China splitting into three separate parts. Within the economic failure in both Han China and the Roman Empire, Han China mainly collapsed due to taxes being too high and people revolting, such as the Yellow Turban Rebellion. The Yellow Turban Rebellion was Han China’s uprising of society because of unfair taxation. The Han Chinese government tried to stop it, but there was too much corruption within the government, causing its military efforts to stop the Yellow Turban Rebellion to fail miserably. The Roman Empire was in fear of abandonment as many civilians left due to the fact that their taxes that were being collected were too high and the civilians in the Roman Empire that remained were stuck in financial troubles. Han China and the Roman Empire’s cultures fell apart differently. The Han Dynasty in China had one common script and common culture, while the Roman Empire’s was in many fragments, making the fall of Han China more severe because the language and many things surrounding it fell apart. The political confusion, instability, and eventual collapse was very different for both the Han Dynasty in China and the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire had split into the two eastern and western parts and Han China had split into three, as mentioned above. But with that, the Roman Empire had a string of weak leaders which caused succession and an eventual civil war within itself. In Han China, public servants such as politicians became corrupt, which in turn caused landlords to suddenly have a substantial increase in power, figuratively robbing everyone else outside of that social class of their money. In conclusion, between the Han Dynasty of China and the Roman Empire, their downfalls were the same in ways such as economic failure, decrease in population, and the collapse of both of their political systems. Even though they are similar in those ways, they differ in the ways their economies crashed and fell apart, they way Han China’s and the Roman Empire’s cultures dissolved and faded away, and even the way their political systems had collapsed.

Michael Sattler and the Anabaptist Movement Essay -- Anabaptist Movemen

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps the most misunderstood, least recognized, and largely undervalued of all the great reformers of the sixteenth century is Michael Sattler, the Anabaptist. The little that is actually known about Michael Sattler is often times assumed or misinterpreted. However, the definite information available regarding this â€Å"radical† suggest that his brief yet significant role as a Reformation leader was truly invaluable for the unification and survival of the Anabaptist movement and its teachings. In addition, the radical ideas of Sattler and other Anabaptists have helped shape Western culture as we know it today. The contributions of Sattler to the greater Christian world are undeniable. This essay will engage the life, teaching, writings, and influence of the martyr Michael Sattler. A Summary of the Life of Michael Sattler   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very little is known about the childhood and early adult life of Michael Sattler. In fact, there is almost no record of his existence prior to the time he converted to Anabaptist beliefs from Catholic doctrine. What is known is as follows: Sattler was born in Staufen, Germany somewhere between 1490 and 1495. While information regarding his childhood remains in obscurity, it is apparent that he joined the Benedictine Monastery of St. Peter’s of the Black Forest sometime before 1520. It is unlikely that Sattler received a significant education since St. Peter’s did not send its monks to study at universities until 1551. However, evidence shows that Sattler was in fact learned in Latin, Hebrew, and possibly Greek. Numerous sources identify the converted Sattler as an ex-prior. Therefore, it is assumed that Sattler became the prior of St. Peter’s sometime between 1518 (the year Prior Ambrosius Holdermann died) and 1525, when Sattler is identified in Zurich. Monastic records are unavailable for this time period, so it is uncertain how long Sattler held this post. (1) On May 12, 1525, peasant troops took over St. Peter’s as part of the Peasant’s Revolt. Although there is vast disagreement, the most reliable sources estimate that Michael Sattler left the monastery shortly after its capture. Sattler is next found in Zurich (Zwinglian territory) in November, where he attended a discussion regarding the heated issue of adult baptism. The disputation took place November 6-8. There is ... ... credited with Anabaptist theology, he was an unmistakably valuable element to both the sixteenth century’s Reformation and the Christian community in the years which followed. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the lack of information about his life, historians often ponder and debate over who exactly Michael Sattler was as a person. On the other hand, Sattler’s importance cannot be overlooked. I would like to conclude with four points to illustrate the value of Sattler’s life. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Schleitheim Confession, authored by Michael Sattler, served as a point of unification for the Anabaptist community during the sixteenth century 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The seven articles of the Schleitheim Confession have had massive influence on the evangelical realm ever since their authorship. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael Sattler operated as the major stabilizing power for the Swiss Brethren community during a very crucial period in the development of Anabaptism. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michael Sattler’s steadfastness, even to death, signifies him as a man full of conviction and faithfulness to Christ Jesus.

The Grapes of Wrath

The movie â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† I watched recently is the classic adaptation of John Steinbeck’s novel written and published in 1939 only one year before the movie was released. When the movie production was approved the director John Ford and his crew were able to accomplish a major task and finish the project without getting involved in the conflict with labor unions what was very important since many members of the crew belonged to them. The script which is based on Steinbeck’s book adopted a very specific dialect, the language spoken by the villagers living in rural Oklahoma so the authenticity impression was preserved. The movie presents the times of the Great Depression in the American Mid West and West coasts. This was a tough era of American history that got the historically accurate documentation and John Ford’s movie shows us perfectly the experience of many people those days – farmers and their families, drifters and strikers. For many Americans who watched the movie in the theaters in the big cities it was not easy to find out how hard and stressful it was for the people living in the country to be forced out of the lands they were working on. Here the director introduces us to the family of poor farmers from Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their struggling during the tough times of the economic crisis. While watching the movie I observed the contrast between the representatives of the lower class and the wealthy landowners who take an advantage of the unfortunate circumstances. From the events presented I’ve learned that the economic crisis and the advancing technology which was used to farm the land were responsible for drastic and extreme changes which were imposed on thousands of people against their own will. All the farmers’ families which for many generations made the living out of their farms in the short period of time received the notifications demanding to move out and abandon the properties which they were residing at. Obviously it was not their choice and the decision was made on their behalf without giving them the alternative opportunities. The main characters in the movie are the members of Joad’s family who are not only dealing with the problems inside of their family but also with the basis of their existence which is endangered. Those poor people understand very well that when fighting all the odds the only solution is to stay together and rely on each other and when facing the unpleasant reality they decide to remain as a family while entering the new chapter of their lives. In order to find a solution to their problems Joad’s family decides to embark on the journey to California. They have high hopes and strong beliefs that if they will get there, their situation will change for better, they will be able to find jobs and as a result will settle in their new home. On the way to their destination they experience many unexpected events which they have to deal with as they appear. They loose two members of their family and while staying at the camps for the similar migrants they learn about the sad reality which was awaiting them. It appeared that all the information they have been provided before they left Oklahoma were not exactly true and the land owners were trying to earn profits by using the unfair labor practices. Being fully aware of the desperate conditions the owners of the large farms offer low wages jobs and exploit all those hired to work on their lands. The new comers were not welcomed and treated with very suspicious manners. The local residents who were afraid of losing their own source of income were acting very unfriendly and openly demonstrated their opposition. People like Joad’s family while forced to stay in the camps and awaiting the potential employment were treated by local authorities like trouble makers. All those who tried to stand up for their rights were considered difficult and wrongly accused of trouble causing. Rich and wealthy class representatives were simply misusing the power of the local authorities in order to protect their own interest and increase the potential profits. Whoever was brave enough to disagree with those kinds of methods was considered as a threat and forced to leave or had to face the mistreatment and abuse. While majority of migrating families were subjected to the hardship and constant struggling, the smaller number of this group were lucky enough to find the temporary accommodations provided by the Federal authorities as a form of social assistance during the economic depression. Once they were able to reach such facilities they were offered decent and reasonable housing with the basic sanitary installations. The life in those places was organized by the rules which campers could set up so all the residents were treated with respect and there was no tolerance for any form of abuse. However some of the local land owners did not like the situation and were trying to sabotage the camp. Quite often those government managed facilities were subjected to the organized attempts of purposely initiated disturbances which will give the arguments to the local authorities to act while â€Å"preserving law and order†. It should be noticed that even tough it was not the director’s intention the conditions showed and the form of management in those camps succeeded in building up the reputation of the Government and helped in recognizing efforts directed towards continuous improvement during the crisis. The democratic methods which were giving all the residents the right to protect their status were successfully maintaining the stabilized life while staying within the borders of the camp. Even the police authorities were not allowed to enter without the warrant. Many residents quickly realized how fragile and valuable it is for them to continue preventing the established order in the camp so they could organize the system of the comities which were overseeing all the key aspects of every day living conditions. Under those circumstances surviving the difficult times until the employment opportunities appear was much more acceptable and helped to build the confidence in the better future. The movie definitely proves that people while facing major difficulties have much higher chances of prevailing if they help each other and stay together instead of resisting and fighting those problems just on their own. Even the strongest and most determined attempts to resist and fighting the reality by one single person will not last long and at the end will not be considered successful. The Joad’s family proved to themselves that together they can manage to survive and use the difficulties which they went through as the learning experience. By using the combination of wisdom and wise assumptions together with good will and honest intentions they were able to help each other in the process of the decisions making. As we all now go through the inconveniences and carry the burden of struggling economy, while watching the movie we can relate in some certain way to the presented story. We are fully aware that unfortunately seventy years later there are many Americans who do have to find answers to resolve their problems and react to the drastic changes which the economy imposed on them. As Casy, the former preacher perfectly summarizes his view when performing the funeral rites by saying: â€Å"I wouldn’t pray just for an old man that’s dead, ‘cause he’s all right. If I was to pray, I’d pray for folks that’s alive and don’t know which way to turn†. The fact that the American Academy of Motion Pictures nominated John Ford’s movie was one of the reasons why even the President of the USA Franklin D. Roosevelt was present there and gave the speech which consisted of comments regarding the movie unique character. For someone like me whose knowledge of the United States modern history is not so deep I found the movie as being very educating and presenting Americans’ lives during the Great Depression from a different perspective. Comparing to the recent production, the â€Å"Cinderella Man† I found quite few similarities and issues which were particularly important however the director John Ford is not trying to create a fairy tale but instead is exposing the dark side in which both the rules of economy and human nature compete with each other in the most important fight as the only possible way of surviving without loosing the human values such a dignity and pride. We can say that the main characters, their interactions and behavior even if originated from the natural instincts of human beings slowly but steady helped them to built up the resistance and eventually made them stronger than they were ever before. Just like Russell Crowe in the â€Å"Cinderella Man† was given a second chance and did not waste it but succeeded in his journey to the victory on the boxing ring, Joad’s family under the spiritual leadership of Tom’s mother proudly emerged out of all difficulties and remained faithful about awaiting them much better future. In my opinion the history of this country taught us a very valuable lesson which proved that even the Great Depression was not able to destroy the strong American spirit and discourage people from using their skills and joined efforts to help each other in the times of need. People need to believe that the tough times will end and they will be able to enjoy living again. Nothing motivates people in need to take an action and engage in many long term efforts better than having hope and faith that the better future is in their hands, that nothing else can help them better than their own determination.

Economic Ideas of Mercantilism in Comparison

Mercantilism was an early capitalistic economic concept, which was based on the following principle: the only sources of a country’s wealth are the money funds and precious metals it possesses, so the more money a nation has the richer it is supposed to be. According to this theory, the government has to follow the policy of protectionism and keeping the money inside of the country, encouraging only domestic trade and the exports, at that reducing the imports and creating maximum trade surplus. This theory was severely criticized by an outstanding Scottish philosopher and economy theorist Adam Smith, who argued that the welfare of the country can not be measured only with money. The main difference of Smith’s theory from mercantilism is his conclusion that not only money accumulation, but also free market and vivid international trade, healthy industrial competition, make-work activities, product exchange and other factors of free market economy are essential for boosting national welfare. In addition, Smith was against the necessity of tough governmental control of the exports and imports, as well as against of any sorts of trade barriers, market limitations and restrictions imposed by government.   He claimed that only market forces have to determine the types and volumes of manufacturing, the directions of international trade, etc. He was convinced that national economy itself will find the most effective ways of own development. Undoubtedly, the findings and ideas of Adam Smith are more influential and important for modern economy, because now the majority of the countries practice one or another form of free market economy. But there are still supporters of the mercantilist ideas, who argue that exports bring more positive outcomes to national economy (new working places, new incomes, etc.) than the imports do, and that is why the exports have to be encouraged. References: Ball, D., McCulloh, W. H., Geringer, M., Frantz, P.L. & Minor, M. S. (2005). International Business. 10th Ed. Columbus, OH: The McGraw-Hill Co.

Bi-Racial Families †African American Studies Essay

Bi-Racial Families – African American Studies Essay Free Online Research Papers Bi-Racial Families African American Studies Essay Race did not have any meaning to me until, as a young child (age 4 or 5), I was mocked by another child for the shape of my eyes. I was confused by this and did not understand, but felt affronted and a little scared by it(Fukuyama, 1999). Imagine growing up biracial, being confused of your ethnic background, and trying to find your place in society. These are the struggles that biracial families and their children face. Biracial individuals and families are one of the fastest growing populations in the United States, yet this group is often silenced or marginalized in discussions about race. Interracial families have limited social networks due to societal pressures. These families feel they are being socially isolated due to racism and studies have indicated that this isolation is manifested in family, work, and leisure. This isolation has a large impact on biracial youth. Such feelings of isolationism, as well as other issues, within biracial families can be addressed through counseling. The primary focus of network analysis is on the interpersonal relationships of an individual and their various associations. Individuals are linked to their society primarily through relations with other individuals, such as relatives, friends, co-workers, and acquaintances. The couples in Hibbler and Shinew’s study frequently found themselves in situations where they had to deal with racism, discrimination, and prejudice within their own families. Therefore, over time, they developed strong coping skills to buffer them from familial and societal influences. It also appeared to bond them as a couple, because many of them did not receive the type of support that same race couples often receive from immediate and extended family members. Due to societal reactions to interracial couples, family members often decrease their interactions with the couple. Although a potentially positive outcome of being socially isolated from family members is a strengthened bond between the c ouple, Hibbler and Shinew state that the lack of familial support can have a long-term, negative impact on couples’ lives. Another place where these couples encountered racism was in the workplace. This was especially burdensome because work can be a constant and important part of one’s life. Interracial couples can experience very hurtful situations within the workforce due to being in an interracial relationship. Two women from the study were middle-class, college educated people, who had heavily invested in their careers. It was evident that their work was important to them and represented a major part of their self-identity. Therefore, to be ostracized at work simply because of whom they married was difficult to endure. The couples in this study were cautious about letting co-workers know that they were involved in an interracial relationship for fear of some form of retaliation. Therefore, these interracial couples did not have the opportunity to extend their social networks through their work activity. The women in the study indicated that most of their work acquaintances were just that, acquaintances. Leisure spaces, places, and activities are important locales for the development of social networks. All the couples involved in this study reported multiple instances of negative leisure experiences due to racism and discrimination. Many United States cities are segregated by race, which poses particular problems for interracial couples because they often find themselves attempting to participate in leisure activities in racially homogeneous environments. Whether they participate in leisure within a predominately same race environment, there are issues of comfort for one or both partners and also for their children. These negative experiences constantly affected how they perceived and selected activities. A recurring theme among these couples was being very â€Å"careful† where they go for leisure experiences. It became obvious from the interviews that there was an awareness involved in selecting and participating in leisure activities for interracial couples. There are times when people are able to minimize the likelihood of encountering problems, or diminish their impact, by being very aware of their surroundings and the places they frequent. The couples accomplished this by doing research prior to becoming involved in a leisure experience. For example, they would call ahead, visit a leisure site prior to exposing family members, or ask friends about the possibility of encountering problems. Along with attempts to research safe places for leisure participation, another pattern for coping with the racism and discrimination was for the couples to withdraw from public spaces as much as possible. The interracial couples preferred to participate in those leisure activities that did not require a great deal of contact with those outside of their relationship, including other extended family members. Interracial couples’ constant concern for safety and comfort limited their ability to establish and maintain meaningful social network ties within a leisure context. Aside from the difficulties biracial couples face themselves, being biracial can have an impact on youth’s self-esteem and ethnic identity, specifically with regard to their psychological adjustment. Both identity development and the maintenance of self-esteem are critical. The dynamic processes that occur during adolescence are important to individuals’ development over the life course. During adolescence, individuals undergo several changes and encounter new experiences that may influence their psychological well-being in various ways. Bracey’s study examines ethnic identity and self-esteem among biracial adolescents. She states that self-esteem refers to a positive or negative orientation toward self. This study consisted of biracial adolescents that were identified on the basis of the race of their parents. Participants were surveyed while in high school in order to capture their present-day attitudes. Differences among biracial subgroups were examined before grouping them into a large biracial group. This study utilized a large representative sample of the biracial population in a metropolitan area. Adolescents’ self-esteem was measured using Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale. This scale is composed of ten items with end points of (1) strongly disagree to (4) strongly agree. The results of this survey indicated that biracial subgroups did not differ significantly from each other on self-esteem. Findings indicated that the biracial adolescents in this study had significantly lower self-esteem than Research Papers on Bi-Racial Families - African American Studies EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andTrailblazing by Eric AndersonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Family Dermestidae and Dermestid Beetles

Family Dermestidae and Dermestid Beetles The family Dermestidae includes skin or hide beetles, carpet beetles, and larder beetles, some of which can be serious pests of closets and pantries. The name dermestid comes from the Latin derma, for skin, and este, meaning to consume. Description Museum curators know dermestid beetles all too well. These scavengers have a reputation for devouring museum specimens. Dermestid beetles protein-eating habits make them equally valuable in museum settings, however, as colonies of dermestids can be used to clean the flesh and hair from bones and skulls. Many entomology students have encountered dermestids as pests, too, as theyre known for their rather bad habit of feeding on preserved insect specimens. Forensic entomologists look for dermestid beetles at crimes scenes when trying to determine the time of the death of a cadaver. Dermestids typically appear late in the decomposition process, when the corpse begins to dry out. Dermestid adults are quite small, ranging from just 2 mm to 12 mm in length. Their bodies are oval and convex in shape, and sometimes elongated. Dermestid beetles are covered in hair or scales, and bear clubbed antennae. Dermestids have chewing mouthparts. Dermestid beetle larvae are worm-like, and range in color from pale yellowish brown to light chestnut. Like the adult dermestids, the larvae are hairy, most noticeably near the hind end. The larvae of some species are oval, while others are tapered. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – ColeopteraFamily - Dermestidae Diet Dermestid larvae can digest keratin, the structural proteins in the skin, hair, and other animal and human remains. Most feed on animal products, including leather, fur, hair, skin, wool, and even dairy products Some dermestid larvae prefer plant proteins and feed instead on nuts and seeds, or even silk and cotton. Most adult dermestid beetles feed on pollen. Because they can digest wool and silk, as well as plant products like cotton, dermestids can be a real nuisance in the home, where they may chew holes in sweaters and blankets. Life Cycle Like all beetles, dermestids undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Dermestids vary greatly in the length of their life cycles, with some species going from egg to adult in 6 weeks, and others taking as long as a year or more to complete development. Females usually lay eggs in a dark crevice or other well-hidden location. Larvae molt through as many as 16 instars, feeding throughout the larval stage. After pupation, the adults emerge, ready to mate. Range and Distribution The cosmopolitan dermestid beetles live in varied habitats, provided theres a carcass or other food source available. Worldwide, scientists have described 1,000 species, with just over 120 known in North America. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehown and Norman F. JohnsonKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn KaufmanFamily Dermestidae, Bugguide.net, accessed November 25, 2011Dermestid Beetle, Texas AM AgriLife Extension, accessed November 25, 2011Dermestids, Utah State University Extension fact sheet

Bankruptcy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bankruptcy - Research Paper Example At times, due to poor planning or other reasons, debtors are unable to plan their financial transactions well, leading to an inability to honor their credits.Such insolvency or an inability to repay the creditors is known as â€Å"bankruptcy† (Newton 134). It is for times like these that bankruptcy laws have been instituted. Since the nineteenth century, bankruptcy laws have been continually formulated and improved with an insight not to discourage entrepreneurship in the region. There were three brief periods in which federal bankruptcy laws were implemented in the United States. The first bankruptcy law was enacted in the 1800 called the â€Å"Bankruptcy Act of 1800† which was aimed to handle the situation of involuntary bankruptcy of traders (Hansen). During this period, the request for bankruptcy could be initiated by the creditor. This law was modeled after the English bankruptcy law. This law was abused by several debtors calling for â€Å"friendly† credito r initiations. Thus this law was repealed in 1803 (Skeel). After a long gap since 1803, the next bankruptcy law was passed in 1841 titled â€Å"Bankruptcy Act of 1841†. In the meanwhile, states were following their own bankruptcy systems without the presence of a formal federal law. This act allowed the debtors to voluntarily file for bankruptcy and receive discharge of debt. Following this law, debtors continually opted for discharge of debt and the creditors were faced with immense problems. Therefore this law was also repealed within two years in 1843 (Skeel) on accounts of being abused and being oppressive for the creditors. It is important to notice that laws pertaining to debtor-creditor settlements have been important and their formulation has been exceptionally problematic. If lenient laws were inculcated in the favor of debtors like the Bankruptcy Act of 1841, it posed risks and threats to the creditors and would have eventually led into the decrease of credit and ul timately affected commerce industry and economy. On the other hand, if too strict laws were enacted as were previously done – imprisonment to coerce payment of debt – it would discourage entrepreneurial ventures and experimentation on behalf of existing businesspeople. This means that failures which were converted into huge successes gradually would never have survived the law system (Hansen). Thus striking the balance between the debtor and creditor rights without discouraging either has evolved over a century of deliberations. After the Bankruptcy Act of 1841 which was repealed in 1843, the country was distraught with the occurrence of the American Civil War of 1861. The northern ‘union’ and the southern ‘confederate states of America’ fought a bloody combat for four years which left most of the Southern America and their infrastructure destroyed (McPherson). The financial distress caused by the Civil War fueled the demand for the formulatio n of another bankruptcy law. The next bankruptcy law was enacted in 1867 immediately after the end of the Civil War. The law was titled â€Å"Bankruptcy Act of 1867†. This law was longer lived than the previous laws but was nevertheless repealed in 1878 after 11 years of amendments and replacements. Bankruptcy Act of 1867 was more detailed and covered several situations. For the first time it was allowed voluntary bankruptcies for all individuals and not only traders and merchants